4. Középhaladó (intermediate II.) – 6. hét

PASSIVE VOICE – SZENVEDŐ SZERKEZET

–
a szenvedő szerkezet
használata igen gyakori az angol nyelvben, használata gyakran azért okoz nehézséget,
mert a magyar nyelvben nem, ritkán vagy helytelenül használt szerkezet

–
az angol nyelvben
megkülönböztetünk aktív és passzív mondatokat

aktív
mondatok:

Az aktív mondat igéje kifejezi azt, hogy a mondat
alanya mit tesz, cselekszik

Peter’s father built a house last August.

passzív
mondatok:

A passzív mondat igéje azt fejezi ki, hogy mi történik
a mondat alanyával

A house was built by Peter’s father last August.

Képzése:

–
a szenvedő szerkezetet
úgy képezzük, hogy az aktív mondat tárgya, a passzív mondat alanya lesz

–
a passzív mondat
alanyát a megfelelően ragozott létige, valamint az ige 3. alakja (past participle)
követi

–
az igeidő nem változik
meg

Somebody stole my bicycle.

My bicycle was stolen.

Somebody
cleaned the room yesterday.

Az aktív mondat tárgya a ‘room’, ami a passzív
mondat alanya lesz, ezzel kezdődik a passzív mondat:

The room …

Az aktív mondat sima múlt időben szerepel
ezért a létige (was/were) a megfelelő ragozás szerint ‘was’ lesz:

The room was …

Az aktív mondat igéjének harmadik alakja követi
a létige ragozott alakját: clean / cleaned / cleaned

The room was cleaned yesterday.

They
are building a bridge at the moment.

Tárgy: a bridge

A bridge …

Igeidő: folyamatos jelen – am / is
/ are + being

The bridge is being …

Ige: build / built / built

The bridge is being built at the moment.

They
have ordered food for the party.

Tárgy: food

Food …

Igeidő: present perfect – have been / has
been

Food has been …

Ige: order / ordered / ordered

Food has been ordered for the party.

They clean the house every week. – The house is
cleaned every week.

They are cleaning the house at the moment. – The
house is being cleaned at the moment.

They cleaned the house yesterday. – The house
was cleaned yesterday.

They were cleaning the house at 6.00. – The house
was being cleaned at 6.00.

They have cleaned the house. – The house has been
cleaned.

They have been cleaning the house for 3 hours. –
The house has been being cleaned for 3 hours.

They had cleaned the house before the guests arrived.
– The house had been cleaned before …

The had been cleaning the house. – The house had
been being cleaned.

The will clean the house. – The house will be
cleaned.

They should / can / could / may / might / must …
etc. clean the house. – The house should / can / could / may / might / must
… etc. be cleaned.

Használata:

–
ha a cselekvő személye
nem ismert, vagy nem fontos

My father’s car has been stolen.

These letters are sent to Europe.

It is said that Scottish people are very mean.

–
amennyiben ismert
vagy fontos a cselekvő személye, akkor az a mondat végére kerül és a ‘by’ kötőszó
segítségével kapcsoljuk

The car was stolen by a young man.

This painting was painted by Michelangelo.

–
gyakran rövidebb,
vagy stílusosabb, mint az aktív mondat

What happened to you car?

It was stolen. (Somebody stole it.)

The police were given the information.

Egyéb:

1.
egyes igéknek 2 tárgya is
lehet

pl.: give, ask, pay, teach, tell, offer

My parents gave me 10.000 HUF.

1.
2.

1. I was given 10.000 HUF.

2. 10.000 HUF was given to me.

2.
egyes esetekben
használható a ‘get‘ ige a ‘be‘ létige helyett

break,
damage, steal, stop, use, pay

I got injured.

Not many people got invited to the party.

3.
It is said that … , he said to
…

said,
thought, believe, consider, known, expected, understood

It is said that the little John is very nasty.

The
little John is said to be very nasty.

It
is believed that she is wearing jeans. – She is believed to be wearing.

It
is expected that the demonstration will end next week. – The demonstration
is expected to end next week.

It
is known that the boy arrived home. – The boy is known to have arrived
home.

It
is said that the little John was very nasty. – The little John is said
to have been very nasty.

It
was said that he (had) arrived home late . – He was said
to have arrived home late.

4.
feltételes mondatok, függő beszéd

a szenvedő szerkezetű mondat feltételes mondatok illetve függő
beszéd esetén a vonatkozó szabályoknak megfelelően módosul