PASSIVE VOICE – SZENVEDŐ SZERKEZET
–
a szenvedő szerkezet
használata igen gyakori az angol nyelvben, használata gyakran azért okoz nehézséget,
mert a magyar nyelvben nem, ritkán vagy helytelenül használt szerkezet
–
az angol nyelvben
megkülönböztetünk aktív és passzív mondatokat
aktív
mondatok:
Az aktív mondat igéje kifejezi azt, hogy a mondat
alanya mit tesz, cselekszik
Peter’s father built a house last August.
passzív
mondatok:
A passzív mondat igéje azt fejezi ki, hogy mi történik
a mondat alanyával
A house was built by Peter’s father last August.
Képzése:
–
a szenvedő szerkezetet
úgy képezzük, hogy az aktív mondat tárgya, a passzív mondat alanya lesz
–
a passzív mondat
alanyát a megfelelően ragozott létige, valamint az ige 3. alakja (past participle)
követi
–
az igeidő nem változik
meg
Somebody stole my bicycle.
My bicycle was stolen.
Somebody
cleaned the room yesterday.
Az aktív mondat tárgya a ‘room’, ami a passzív
mondat alanya lesz, ezzel kezdődik a passzív mondat:
The room …
Az aktív mondat sima múlt időben szerepel
ezért a létige (was/were) a megfelelő ragozás szerint ‘was’ lesz:
The room was …
Az aktív mondat igéjének harmadik alakja követi
a létige ragozott alakját: clean / cleaned / cleaned
The room was cleaned yesterday.
They
are building a bridge at the moment.
Tárgy: a bridge
A bridge …
Igeidő: folyamatos jelen – am / is
/ are + being
The bridge is being …
Ige: build / built / built
The bridge is being built at the moment.
They
have ordered food for the party.
Tárgy: food
Food …
Igeidő: present perfect – have been / has
been
Food has been …
Ige: order / ordered / ordered
Food has been ordered for the party.
They clean the house every week. – The house is
cleaned every week.
They are cleaning the house at the moment. – The
house is being cleaned at the moment.
They cleaned the house yesterday. – The house
was cleaned yesterday.
They were cleaning the house at 6.00. – The house
was being cleaned at 6.00.
They have cleaned the house. – The house has been
cleaned.
They have been cleaning the house for 3 hours. –
The house has been being cleaned for 3 hours.
They had cleaned the house before the guests arrived.
– The house had been cleaned before …
The had been cleaning the house. – The house had
been being cleaned.
The will clean the house. – The house will be
cleaned.
They should / can / could / may / might / must …
etc. clean the house. – The house should / can / could / may / might / must
… etc. be cleaned.
Használata:
–
ha a cselekvő személye
nem ismert, vagy nem fontos
My father’s car has been stolen.
These letters are sent to Europe.
It is said that Scottish people are very mean.
–
amennyiben ismert
vagy fontos a cselekvő személye, akkor az a mondat végére kerül és a ‘by’ kötőszó
segítségével kapcsoljuk
The car was stolen by a young man.
This painting was painted by Michelangelo.
–
gyakran rövidebb,
vagy stílusosabb, mint az aktív mondat
What happened to you car?
It was stolen. (Somebody stole it.)
The police were given the information.
Egyéb:
1.
egyes igéknek 2 tárgya is
lehet
pl.: give, ask, pay, teach, tell, offer
My parents gave me 10.000 HUF.
1.
2.
1. I was given 10.000 HUF.
2. 10.000 HUF was given to me.
2.
egyes esetekben
használható a ‘get‘ ige a ‘be‘ létige helyett
break,
damage, steal, stop, use, pay
I got injured.
Not many people got invited to the party.
3.
It is said that … , he said to
…
said,
thought, believe, consider, known, expected, understood
It is said that the little John is very nasty.
The
little John is said to be very nasty.
It
is believed that she is wearing jeans. – She is believed to be wearing.
It
is expected that the demonstration will end next week. – The demonstration
is expected to end next week.
It
is known that the boy arrived home. – The boy is known to have arrived
home.
It
is said that the little John was very nasty. – The little John is said
to have been very nasty.
It
was said that he (had) arrived home late . – He was said
to have arrived home late.
4.
feltételes mondatok, függő beszéd
a szenvedő szerkezetű mondat feltételes mondatok illetve függő
beszéd esetén a vonatkozó szabályoknak megfelelően módosul
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